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The Walhalla () is a hall of fame monument in that honours laudable and distinguished people in German history"politicians, sovereigns, scientists and artists of the ";Official Guide booklet, 2002, p. 3 While all new inductees since 1890 have been Germans or German-speakers, several earlier honorees came from outside modern Germany, which had not yet been established when the monument was built. Their inclusion reflects a 19th-century, still evolving, more loosely defined concept of "Germanness", one that would today be seen as conflating the term "German" with the much broader notion of having spoken a Germanic language or being of partial or supposed German ancestry.

The Walhalla memorial is named for the of Norse Paganism. It was conceived in 1807 by Crown Prince Ludwig I of Bavaria in order to support the gathering momentum for the unification of the many German states into the . Following his accession to the throne of Bavaria, construction took place between 1830 and 1842 under the supervision of the architect Leo von Klenze. The memorial displays some 65 plaques and 130 busts covering 2,000 years of history, beginning with , victor at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in the year 9 AD.

The entire system including the substructure is 125 meters long and 55 meters high, the shape of complex is a Greek temple in the style of a Doric Peripteros. The roof is supported by an iron structure that was ultra-modern for the time. The length of the classicist temple building is 66.7 meters, the width is 31.6 meters, and the height is 20 meters. The fully sculptural gable field on the north side, designed by Christian Daniel Rauch and executed by Ludwig von Schwanthaler, shows on the left the Germanic tribes under Arminius in the battle in the Teutoburg Forest against the Romans attacking from the west right. The southern gable represents Germany's liberation in 1814, in the middle Germania, from the left and right the German states and federal fortresses approach in homage, in the spandrel the border rivers Rhine and Moselle are symbolized. Inside, the Walhalla is 48.5 meters long, 14 meters wide and 15.5 meters high. The surrounding frieze by Martin von Wagner depicts the early history of the Germanic peoples, their departure from the Caucasus and their immigration into Central Europe. The final stage is the conversion to the Christian faith by Saint Boniface. In addition to its decorative function, the history frieze also serves as a visual separation between the lower bust zone and the upper panel zone. There are also twelve marble armchairs in the interior, which were created by the sculptor Ernst Mayer, and eight marble candlesticks.

History
By 1806 's First French Empire had annexed German lands along the and the . Central German states formed the Confederation of the Rhine, which sided with Napoleon. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, then formally dissolved the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (6 August 1806) and instead styled himself Emperor of Austria. The War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807) pitted German forces on both sides against each other, and Napoleon again prevailed.

In 1807, 20-year-old Crown Prince Ludwig of the Kingdom of Bavaria (newly elevated from Electorate to Kingdom by Napoleon in 1806), had the idea of reminding all Germans of their common heritage – of the great figures and events in history. He commissioned several sculptors to create busts of famous individuals of his choice. Johann Gottfried Schadow's bust of Nicolaus Copernicus became one of the first completed, in 1807. Further suggestions for individuals to be honoured were solicited in 1808 from historian Johannes von Müller.

By the time of Crown Prince Ludwig's coronation as King Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1825, 60 busts had been completed. In 1826 Ludwig commissioned the construction of a memorial above the , near , modelled after the in . The southern pediment features the 1815 creation of the German Confederation; the northern pediment frieze features scenes from the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest of 9 AD.Official Guide booklet, 2002, p. 6 According to Pictorial Travels Continentally Described (circa 1892), the construction of the building cost £666,666.

A two coin was minted commemorating the opening of the Walhalla, Krause catalog number KM# 811. It is moderately scarce. German States BAVARIA 2 Thaler KM# 811 1842

At Walhalla's inauguration on October 18, 1842, there were 96 busts, plus 64 plaques for persons or events of which no portrait was available on which to model a sculpture. When the memorial was opened in 1842, Guido von Lessner authored a poem about Germany's greatness which was set to music by Joseph Hartmann Stuntz. Institute of Bavarian History

Since being "of the " was the main selection criterion for the original 160 persons representing the 1,800 years of German history, the king included individuals of the wider , including ancient notables as well as people from the Holy Roman Empire. Whereas the of served as home to those gloriously slain in battle, Ludwig intended his Walhalla not only for warriors but also for scientists, writers, and clerics, and specifically included both men and women. Decades before the foundation of the in 1871 or the clear formation of a modern German identity, "German" was initially understood as "" and included all ancient Germanic peoples as well as medieval Dutch, , , and modern and Swiss figures.

Leo von Klenze's plans reveal the purpose of the subterranean level set within the foundation, the entrance to which is visible from the Danube River. The Central Aisle leads to the Hall of Expectations (Halle der Erwartungen), which was meant to house busts of individuals considered worthy of joining Walhalla, but who were still living at the time of their busts' creation. These busts would be ceremoniously carried into Walhalla following the deaths of the subjects. The Hall of Expectations was abandoned owing to changes in criteria for induction into Walhalla.

The first addition to the collection was the bust of . Ludwig, a devout Catholic, had hesitated to include Luther. Several of the sculptors, including Ohnmacht and Schadow, had urged the king to include Luther, as did Johannes von Müller. Ludwig finally commissioned Luther's bust in 1831 from Ernst Friedrich Rietschel. It was not included at the inauguration of Walhalla in 1842, but added in 1848 by Ludwig himself. Luther's bust was placed just after the last of the original busts (Goethe's), disregarding the chronological arrangement by year of death.

Four further additions were made during Ludwig's lifetime: Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen (died 1847, added 1853), Josef Wenzel Graf Radetzky von Radetz (died 1858, added in the same year), Friedrich Schelling (died 1854, added 1860) and Ludwig van Beethoven (added 1866).

In 1853, King Ludwig I established an additional Hall of Fame in Munich, specifically for Bavarians – the Ruhmeshalle. Nine of the Bavarian enshrinees have since become Walhalla enshrinees. Their busts in the Ruhmeshalle were destroyed in 1944, during a bombing raid, and have not been replaced. Instead, a plaque with their names tells of their transfer to Walhalla. King Ludwig I himself, who commissioned the [[''Liberation Hall''|Befreiungshalle]] and other monuments, was also enshrined both at Walhalla and in the Ruhmeshalle.

Helmuth von Moltke the Elder was the last addition of a military leader (in 1910). After World War I, new additions focussed on artists and intellectuals. Beginning in 1933, when Kraft durch Freude and other National Socialist organizations promoted trips to Walhalla, visitor numbers increased exponentially. In 1937, when Hitler unveiled a Bruckner bust, 131,520 were counted. The Walhalla memorial was reached by the Allied invasion of Germany in April 1945.Anna Rosmus Hitlers Nibelungen, Samples Grafenau 2015, p. 178

Additions since 1945 are proposed by private individuals or private foundations, who will also pay for the production of the new bust. Suggestions are reviewed by the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, based on which a recommendation is made by the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior. The final decision lies with the Bavarian Council of Ministers. Official practice since 1945 has been to favour "eminent figures from science or art, or individuals with extraordinary social or caritative merit".Steger (2011:199)

Nineteen busts have been added between 1945 and 2022, for an average interval of a little below four years between additions:

List of people
Busts
, Henry the Lion, Frederick II "Stupor Mundi", Rudolf I of Habsburg
Lower row: Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Duke Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 
Justus Möser, Gottfried August Bürger.]]
The original busts are arranged in rows by date of death At the inauguration in 1842, a total of 96 busts were arranged, in two rows, in chronological order (by year of death), beginning with Henry the Fowler (d. 936) and ending with Goethe (d. 1832). The upper row comprised 70 busts, beginning with Henry the Fowler and ending with . The lower row comprised a total of 26 busts of modern scholars, beginning with Lessing and ending with .

Upper row
Busts to the left of the statue of Ludwig I
1. Henry the Fowler – Duke of Saxony and King of the Germans (1809)
2. Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (Schadow, 1809)
3. Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor (Schadow, 1809)
6. Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (Schwanthaler, 1838)
7. Henry the Lion – Duke of Saxony and Bavaria (Schadow, 1811)
8. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (Tieck, 1814)
9. Rudolf I of Habsburg (Tieck, 1832)
15. Erwin von Steinbach – architect of Strasbourg Cathedral (Ohmacht, 1811)
16. Johannes Gutenberg – inventor of movable type (Matthiä, 1835)
17. Jan van Eyck – Flemish painter (Tieck, 1817–1842)
18. Frederick I, Elector Palatine – the Victorious (Lossow, 1842)
24. (d. 1476) – astronomer and mathematician (Lossow, 1842)
25. Nicholas of Flüe – Swiss hermit, ascetic and mystic (Tieck, 1812)
26. Eberhard I, Duke of Württemberg (Wagner, 1830)
27. – Flemish painter (Woltreck, 1841)
28. Johann von Dalberg – Bishop of Worms (second bust by Lossow, added after 1867Steger (2011:191).)
29. Hans von Hallwyl – Swiss commander at the Battle of Morat (Christen, 1812)
35. Berthold von Henneberg – Elector and Archbishop of Mainz (Mayer, 1824)
36. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (P. Kaufmann, 1811)
37. – German philosopher and humanist (Imhof, 1835)
38. Franz von Sickingen – leader of the Knights' War (von Bandel, 1827)
39. Ulrich von Hutten – German knight and Renaissance humanist (Kirchmayer, 1811)
40. Albrecht Dürer – printmaker and painter (Rauch, 1837)
41. Georg von Frundsberg – military leader (Widnmann, 1841)
47. Peter Vischer the Elder – German sculptor (F. Müller, 1839)
48. Johannes Aventinus (Johann Georg Turmair) – Bavarian scholar and historian (Horchler, 1841)
49. Wolter von Plettenberg – German Master of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (L. Schwanthaler, 1832)
50. Erasmus of Rotterdam – Dutch humanist (Tieck, 1813)
51. (Theophrast von Hohenheim) – Swiss physician and alchemist (E. Wolff, 1827)
52. Nicolaus Copernicus – Astronomer (Schadow, 1807)
58. Hans Holbein the Younger – German painter (Lossow, 1840)
59. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (Schwanthaler, 1842)
60. Christoph, Duke of Württemberg (Bissen, 1831)
61. – Swiss historian (Tieck, 1817)
67. William I of Orange – leader of the (Tieck, 1815)

68. Statue of Ludwig I of Bavaria (1890)

Busts to the right of the statue of Ludwig I
69. August II the Strong – Elector of Saxony and King of Poland (Rietschel, 1840)
70. Julius Echter von Mespelbrunn – Bishop of Würzburg (Scholl, 1840)
71. Maurice of Orange – captain-general of the army of the (Tieck, 1815)
72. – mathematician and astronomer (Schöpf, 1842)
73. Albrecht von Wallenstein – Bohemian general in the Thirty Years' War (Tieck, 1812)
79. Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar – general in the Thirty Years' War (Tieck, 1812/13)
80. Peter Paul Rubens – Flemish painter (Lamine, 1809)
81. Anthony van Dyck – Flemish painter and engraver (Rauch, 1812)
82. – Dutch jurist (Tieck, 1814)
88. Maximilian von und zu Trauttmansdorff – Austrian diplomat that negotiated the Peace of Westphalia (Schaller, 1824)
89. Maximilian I – Prince-elector of Bavaria (Imhof, 1832)
90. – Countess of Hesse-Kassel (Tieck, 1817)
91. Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp – Dutch admiral (Kessels, 1825)
92. Paris Graf von Lodron – Archbishop of Salzburg (Eberhard, 1814)
93. – Flemish painter (Rauch, 1814)
99. Charles X Gustav – King of Sweden (Tieck, 1816)
100. Johann Philipp von Schönborn – and of (Tieck, 1818)
101. Ernst I – the Pious, Duke of and (Tieck, 1815)
102. Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter – Dutch admiral (Tieck, 1817)
103. Otto von Guericke – scientist and inventor (Rathgeber, 1811)
104. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg – the Great Elector (Wichmann, 1828)
105. Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (Tieck, 1817)
111. William III of Orange – Dutch and King of England (Haller, 1816)
112. Ludwig Wilhelm von Baden – Türkenlouis, Imperial commander (Widnmann, 1842)
113. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz – philosopher and mathematician (Schadow, 1808)
114. – Dutch humanist and physician (Leeb, 1823)
115. Maurice of Saxony – German commander and military strategist (Tieck, 1813)
116. Georg Friedrich Händel (1685–1759) – composer (Schadow, 1815)
122. Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf – religious and social reformer, founder and bishop of the (Tieck, 1818)
123. Burkhard Christoph von Münnich – German field marshal in Russian service (Lossow, 1841)
124. Johann Joachim Winckelmann – archeologist and art writer (R. Schadow, 1814)
125. William, Count of Schaumburg-Lippe – commander of his army in the Seven Years' War and for Portugal (Schadow, 1809)
127. Albrecht von Haller – Swiss anatomist and physiologist (Schadow, 1808)
128. Raphael Mengs – Danish-German painter (Rauch, 1808)
129. Maria Theresa of Austria – Queen of Hungary and Bohemia, Holy Roman Empress (Eberhard, 1811/2)

Lower row
, Raphael Mengs, ;
Lower row: .]]
Busts to the left of the statue of Ludwig I
4. Gotthold Ephraim Lessing – poet (Tieck, 1813)
5. Frederick the Great – King of Prussia, military leader (Schadow, 1807)
10. Christoph Willibald Gluck – composer (Dannecker, 1812)
11. Ernst Gideon Freiherr von Laudon – Austrian field marshal from (Kiesling, 1813)
12. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – composer (Schwanthaler, 1846)
13. Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg – Generalfeldmarschall (Schadow, 1808)
14. Justus Möser – jurist and historian (Schmidt von der Launitz, 1821)
19. Gottfried August Bürger – poet (Tieck, 1817)
20. Catherine the Great (Wredow, 1831)
21. Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock – poet (Schadow, 1808)
22. Johann Jakob Wilhelm Heinse – poet and scholar (Haller/Mayer, 1826)
23. Johann Gottfried Herder – poet and philosopher (Tieck, 1815)
30. – philosopher (Schadow, 1808)
31. Friedrich von Schiller – poet (Dannecker, 1794)
32. – composer (Robatz, 1810)
33. Johannes von Müller – Swiss historian (Schadow, 1808)
34. Christoph Martin Wieland – poet (Schadow, 1807)
42. Gerhard von Scharnhorst – Prussian general (Rauch, 1830)
43. Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly – Russian (Widnmann, 1841)
44. Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher – Generalfeldmarschall (Rauch, 1817)
45. Karl Philipp Fürst zu Schwarzenberg – Austrian field marshal (Schaller, 1821)
46. – astronomer (Eberhard, 1816)
53. Hans Karl von Diebitsch – , born in
54. Karl vom und zum Stein – Prussian politician (1825)
55. August Graf Neidhardt von Gneisenau – Prussian field marshal (1842)
56. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – poet and (1808)
57. (1848) – leader of the , translator of the
62. Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen (1853)
63. Josef Wenzel Graf Radetzky von Radetz – Bohemian military leader (1858)
64. Friedrich Schelling – German philosopher (1860)
65. Ludwig van Beethoven – composer (Lossow 1866)
66. William I, German Emperor (1898)

68. Statue of Ludwig I of Bavaria (1890)

Busts to the right of the statue of Ludwig I
74. Otto von Bismarck – Chancellor of the North German Confederation and then of the (1908)
75. Helmuth Graf von Moltke – German Generalfeldmarschall (1910)
76. – German composer of operas (1913)
77. Johann Sebastian Bach – composer (1916)
78. Justus von Liebig – German chemist (1925)
83. Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1928)
84. – Austrian composer (1925)
85. Joseph Görres (1931)
86. – Austrian composer (1937)
87. – German composer and organist of the late romantic period (1948)
94. – Austrian-Bohemian writer (1954)
95. Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff (1957)
96. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – German physicist (1959)
97. Max von Pettenkofer – chemist and hygienist (1962)
98. – German merchant (1967)
106. (1973)
107. – German composer (1973)
108. Carl Maria von Weber – German composer (1978)
109. – Austrian-Moravian friar and naturalist (1983)
110. – physicist (1990)
117. Karolina Gerhardinger – founder of the School Sisters of Notre Dame (1998)
118. – first Chancellor of (1999)
119. – composer (2000)
120. Carl Friedrich Gauss – mathematician, astronomer, and physicist (2007)
121. – nun and philosopher (2009)
126. – German Romantic poet (2010)
130. – German passive resistance activist against the regime (2003)The bust of Sophie Scholl was inaugurated on February 22, 2003, the 60th anniversary of her execution. It is also intended as a representative of all the members of the Widerstand (the German Resistance against ), who have been honored with an additional plaque.

Plaques
Plaques were made for people (or acts) of which no portraits or descriptions were available to model sculptures after. The timeline spans from Arminius a.k.a. Hermann der Cherusker (born 17 BC) to , who died in 1542. In 2003 a plaque was added to commemorate the German Resistance against .

Plaque numbers 1–32 represent the upper row, 33–64 the lower row. Each plaque includes a short characterization of the individual, with the year of death given in Roman numerals. The year of death in the table below is that given on the plaque, even where modern historiography suggests a revised date.

Leader of the , victorious at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9.
Leader of the
Prophetess of the
Leader of the Batavi
King of the Ostrogoths
Apostle of the
Leader of the
King of the Visigoths
King of the Visigoths
King of the Visigoths
Conqueror of Britain
King of the Vandals
Conqueror of Britain
King of the and
King of the Franks
King of the Ostrogoths
King of the Ostrogoths
King of the Lombards
Queen of the Lombards
Bishop and Saint
Mayor of the Palace
Abbot and historiographer
Bishop and saint
Charles "the Hammer", Duke and Prince of the Franks and Mayor of the Palace
Bishop and saint
King of the Franks
Leader of the
Paul Warnefried, historiographer of the Lombards
Abbot and scholar
First King of England
Charles the Great, Roman Emperor
Historiographer, biographer of Charlemagne
Bishop and scholar
Roman Emperor
King of England
Duke of Saxony
Duke of Bavaria
Queen of Germany and saint
Dramatist
Artist, bishop and saint
Bishop and saint
Holy Roman Emperor
Historian
Bishop
Bishop and historian
Abbess and saint
Duke of Bavaria
Bishop and saint
Princess and saint
Leopold "the Glorious", Duke of Austria
Grand Master of the Teutonic Order
Architect of Cologne Cathedral
Founder of the Rhenish League of Cities
Bishop and scholar
The three men of the Rütli oath, foundation of the Old Swiss Confederacy
during the Interregnum
Leader of the
Knight, Swiss hero at Sempach
Painter
Bernese military leader
Inventor of the

The 65th plaque, dedicated to the Widerstand (Resistance) against Nazi Germany, added in 2003, is not part of the two rows of 64 numbered plaques.

See also
  • (Hall of Liberation, Kelheim, Germany)
  • Staatliche Antikensammlungen (Munich, Germany)
  • (Hermann monument, Teutoburg Forest, Germany)
  • Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame, Munich, Germany)
  • , a proposed building

Notes
Sources

External links

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